Personal Insight Paper

Through the StrengthsQuest progam Gallup has identified 34 themes that are the key to gaining direction in one’s life, building self confidence and finding success. This program helps to identify a person’s top five themes, which allows them to utilize their personal profile to benefit them academically, professionally, and personally. The Gallup StrengthsFinder Profiler identified my signature themes to be Achiever, Woo, Includer, Positivity, and Consistency. The Keirsey Temperament Sorter investigates personality differences, temperament and character to distinguish one from the other.I was classified as an ESFJ, a Provider. The Achiever theme accurately explains my drive to succeed and my determination to reach goals that I have set forth. I have always had a competitive spirit and strong desire to be the best at whatever I set my mind to. Whether it’s with sports or being nominated for an award, I want to win. When I was in the military, my supervisor s would say you want something done and done right; I was the one they would go to. They called me â€Å"their go to girl†. I would never deny or change this part of my personality.By being an achiever I have accomplished many wonderful things and it has helped me get where I am today. I can see where this part of my personality can be a negative attribute or an area of challenge, I find myself being very competitive and if I fail at something I am very hard on myself almost to the point of being devastated. The second theme of my profile is Woo. â€Å"Woo stands for winning others over† (Anderson, Clifton, & Schreiner, 2006, p. 69). While reading the main points of this theme, it was like I was reading a description of myself. I could not believe how accurately this theme described a dominate part of my personality.Woos are drawn to strangers, we want to know their names and get to know as much about them as we can. Woos are not intimidated by strangers, we are drawn to them. As a woo, I am not scared or timid around people I do not know, on the contrary, I enjoy meeting new people, talking with them and getting to know them. I love hearing their stories and the history behind the experiences that have made them who they are. As a woo I am constantly gaining more knowledge, wisdom, and an understanding of the people and things around me that I may not have known before.The only drawback to this theme is that I find myself having so many friends or rather acquaintances, that I only know the superficial aspects of their personalities and lives. I find myself envying others who have a small group of friends because they have a deeper connection with them, they know what makes them tick and they have a closeness about them that resembles that of a family. I would not necessarily change this aspect of my personality because I thoroughly enjoy being friendly and meeting new people and without the woo factor, I wouldn’t have these wonderful experie nces daily.I would like to work on building deeper connections with a smaller group of friends and develop that closeness that is missing from my life. My next signature theme is the Includer, which is another very accurate description of my personality. The includer does not like to leave anybody out, we are very conscious of others feelings, and we don’t pass judgment on others. I am very aware of other peoples’ feelings and I take it upon myself to make sure people feel comfortable. The includer does not cast judgment on someone based on their race, sex, nationality, or religion (Anderson, Clifton, & Schreiner, 2006).Since I can remember I have always felt very strongly about these issues. I believe that people should respect each other regardless of their differences. I often have a hard time understanding why people do not think the same way. Being an includer comes natural to me and I believe it is common sense and I get very offended and often hurt when I wi tness people passing judgment and not treating others with respect. My mother always tells me â€Å"I want to save the world and carry the world’s burden on my shoulders. † My fourth theme was identified as Positivity.It is pretty self explanatory and I was honored it was one of my five themes. I strive to be positive by smiling and speaking to every person that I cross paths with. I try to always give my children, friends, and co-workers uplifting words of encouragement although sometimes I fall short. While I was reading the section on positivity, I was able to relate with the points, that people in this category are generous with praise, quick to smile, and try to see the positive in every situation (Anderson, Clifton, & Schreiner, 2006).I can definitely see that positivity is one of the main aspects of my personality, and one of the aspects that I find to be the most rewarding. Lastly, my fifth theme is Consistency. At first I was unsure how this theme fit with my personality, but after reading the section in the book it made perfect sense to me. People who value consistency are keenly aware of the need to treat people the same, no matter what their situation in life is (Anderson, Clifton, & Schreiner, 2006). I find it offensive when I witness people being judged, treated differently, or unfairly due to their financial status, race, sex, religion, etc.The book states that, we see ourselves as guardians against it (Anderson, Clifton, & Schreiner, 2006). I find whether I am at work or at home, my friends and family always joke with me about fighting everyone’s battles. I tend to defend people who do not have the courage to stand up for themselves so I wind up fighting the battle for them. This is a trait I am proud to have, although I find that by taking on other people’s problems, or battles, I in turn take on an extra amount of unneeded stress in my own life. The Keirsey Temperament Sorter II questionnaire identifies your basic temperament type.At the end of the questionnaire it provides a combination of letters which describe your type of personality. I was identified as an ESFJ, (E) Standing for extraverted, (S) for sensory, (F) for feeling, and (J) for judging (Keirsey, 1998). These combinations of letters help determine your specific type of temperament. Temperaments are broken down into four groups: Artisans, Guardians, Idealists, and Rationals. ESFJ’s are placed under the category of the Guardians. Members of the Guardian group are then broken down into another four groups: Supervisor, Inspector, Provider, and Protector.This test classified me as a Provider. I read the section that described the attributes of the Provider and I felt it was another accurate description of my personality. Providers take it upon themselves to arrange for the physical health and welfare of those in need, yet they are the most social of all the Guardians, and thus are great nurturers and would do well w orking in intuitions such as schools, churches, hospitals, or social clubs (Keirsey, 1998). Providers are very emotional, conscious of appearances, and take the opinions of others very seriously.I am a very sensitive person and my feelings are easily hurt. I personally believe that one’s outward appearance is very important and do my best to make sure my children and I are presented in a respectable manner. I also take criticism to heart; I tend to worry too much about what others think of me. ESFJ’s need to be needed, and spend much energy making sure they deserve to be (Keirsey, 1998). Those statements are mostly true of my personality but the section in the book that discusses the roles of a Provider with their family, mates, and children were a perfect fit for me.When I read these paragraphs, I laughed out loud because it was so true of my personality and my beliefs. It was like I was reading an exact description of myself. I take my role as a mother, wife, sister, and daughter very seriously. I am a very loyal and loving wife and an extremely devoted mother to my children. I am amazed at the accuracy of this test and had quite a an eye opening experience, all the while, learning more about myself. Based on the knowledge and understanding of my strengths and Keirsey profile, I believe that my traits, would contribute greatly to a group or team.I am an achiever who has the drive, energy, and motivation to accomplish any task. The WOO in me, allows me to meet and accept new people easily. I believe my characteristics as an includer are also very important and crucial to being a team player. I want people to feel included and always try to make them feel comfortable. I understand that people are different and therefore will have different beliefs, but everyone should be treated with respect no matter what the situation. Positivity is another trait that would be beneficial for a team member to possess, I am always smiling and friendly with everyo ne I meet.I try to be optimistic and bring out the good in every situation even when it is hard for others to see the positive. Consistency is also important because members of a team should be consistent, reliable, and dependable. I strive to be all of those things with the team that I belong to at work. The aspects of my personality that are a challenge for me would be my traits as an achiever. By being an achiever I can come across as ultra competitive so I have to be conscientious about my competitive nature and try to contain it, understanding that I don’t always have to be the best.I have noticed that my drive for success and achievement on occasion has cast a shadow over the other areas of my personality that may be better suited to a group setting. Being happy for someone else is sometimes a challenge for me but I know that, that is one of my weaknesses and I try to make a conscious effort to control it. I believe that I am blessed to have many attributes that make me a good team player. The journey to self discovery and self understanding has been insightful, fun, and motivating.I have learned to embrace the strengths that I do possess and to try to enhance and strengthen the traits in others that I may be lacking. By better understanding the different personality traits and the different temperaments we can learn from one another and figure out a better way to solve the problems associated with life.References Anderson, E. â€Å"Chip†. , Clifton, D. O. , & Schreiner, L. A. (2006). StrengthsQuest. New York: Gallup Press. Keirsey, D. (1998). Please Understand Me II, Temperament Character Intelligence. Del Mar: Prometheus Nemesis Book Company.

Scripting multimedia web pages

Chapter 07: Scripting multimedia web pagesSCRIPTING MULTIMEDIA WEB PAGES LEARNING OUTCOMEUpon the completion of this chapter you should be able to:Understand assorted scripting methods used for web page designing.Know the different types of scheduling linguistic communications.Know the OOP paradigm and Java book.Know OOP paradigm and slangUnderstand the Java 3D theoretical account.Know the assorted multimedia formats.7.1 Scripting multimedia web pagesMultimedia would be lifeless without scripting. Multimedia becomes synergistic when scripting is added to it. The interaction characteristics such as doing a bill of fare button, alteration of colour on axial rotation over of mouse, signifier filling on a web page and compilation and directing that information to another topographic point ; opening a new browser window when choosing a hyperlink ; triping a new sequence when an image is selected or even doing simple games.7.1.1 Types of scheduling linguistic communicationsMachine codification is the most basic type of scheduling.Machine codification is merely one typeIt is composed merely of the two binary figures: 0 and 1.Interpretation of the machine codification depends on the hardware running in the computing machine.Programing linguistic communications are of many types. The most of import linguistic communications are:General-purpose scheduling linguistic communicationScripting scheduling linguistic communicationObject-oriented scheduling linguistic communicationGeneral-purpose scheduling linguistic communications include Java, C and C++ . These linguistic communications are to be compiled by a compiler plan. A compiler is a plan which translates beginning codification written in a peculiar scheduling linguistic communication into computer-readable machine codification that can be executed on its ain. JavaScript, Flash ActionScript and Lingo come under Scripting linguistic communications ; nevertheless it uses Object-oriented linguistic communication every bit good. General characteristics of scripting linguistic communications are:Easy to larn and utilizeNeed non be compiledBy and large interpreted at run-timeAssociated with a diverse scope of bing computing machine constituentsAble to pass on with other scheduling and scripting linguistic communications.7.1.2 Basic control constructionsPrograming linguistic communications have control constructions that direct the flow of information. The three basic control constructions are:sequencechoicerepeatConsecutive control construction:The stairss from start to complete are absolutely carried out one after another, without any break. Selection control construction:These are statements where a true/false pick is made. The ‘ if ‘ statement:If the status is true, so a certain action or actions can be triggered ; if false, so they are ignored. These types of statements are normally known as an ‘if ‘ statement. The ‘if/else ‘ statement:If the status is true, so a certain action or actions can be triggered ; if false, so a certain action or actions can be triggered. Repetition control construction:These are statements that are often acted upon while a peculiar status remains true. While the status is true, the needed actions will be carried out. Equally shortly as the needed status is false, so the cringle will be ignored. It is of import to observe that there must ever be some manner to do a status false. The basic control constructions can besides work together in a sequence or nested within each other to quite complex statements.7.1.3 The OOP paradigmThe scripting languages belong to a set called Object Orientated Programming, or OOP that incorporates Lingo, ActionScript and JavaScript. OOP breaks the sequence of stairss from top to bottom into separate parts called objects that interact with each other in a non-linear manner. OOP is based on grouping scripting information into categories. From a category, multiple cases can be made and used. These cases are referred to as objects. Each object has belongingss and methods. These programming objects are same as existent universe objects. All the objects such as frames, movieClips, films, cast members, buttons, text Fieldss, etc. are merely objects made with codification. They are seeable because they have belongingss such as size, colour, place, etc. and the user can utilize them as they have methods such as drama, halt, edit, etc.Puting up for codificationJavaScript, ActionScript and Lingo have different scripting environments.JavaScript is by and large bound to net pages.ActionScript is inside the frames of a timeline and on objects such as buttons and movieClips.Lingo is like ActionScript, but has different types of books depending on where it is used.Event animal trainersAn event occurs when the mouse is moved or the mouse button is clicked, a key is pressed or a web page is loaded. It is a individual happening though it may be repeated many times a 2nd, such as enterFrame in ActionScript and Lingo. The animal trainer is the piece of codification that every book linguistic communication contains to observe the events. Some event animal trainers are common to JavaScript, ActionScript and Lingo, and some are specific to certain scripting linguistic communication. Common event animal trainers are mouseup, mouseDown and enterFrame JavaScript and ActionScript allow books to be triggered without the event animal trainer, In JavaScript, any codification that is decently added between the book ticket is carried out when loaded into the browser. In ActionScript, any codification that is right added to an single frame in any timeline will be executed when the playhead enters that frame. In Lingo, codification must be with in an event animal trainer.7.1.4 OOP and JavaScriptAll the scripting linguistic communications have default and user defined objects. Default objects are built in the scripting linguistic communication and User defined objects are 1s that are made by you. In scripting linguistic communications like JavaScript, you can hold every bit many cases of a peculiar object category as you like. Your scripting linguistic communication should cognize the specific object case you target and the belongings or method you want to command. One of the most critical belongingss is calling single object cases. In JavaScript, the ‘name ‘ property is added to the HTML elements ticket. For illustration, to call the signifier ‘loginForm ‘ in an HTML use the undermentioned codification:& lt ; signifier name= † loginForm † & gt ;Objects in JavaScript are called the Document Object Model ( DOM ) . DOM is a hierarchy of objects that are contained in each HTML page. These objects are chiefly categorized into three types Window object, papers object and signifier object. Window object is at the top of the hierarchy. Document and form objects are largely manipulated. The signifier object is ever in the papers object. DOM illustration: Text field for login To entree the text in a text field i.e ‘username ‘ located in a signifier called ‘loginForm ‘ on a web page: document.loginForm.userName.value ( read this from right to left ) Here the scripting statement entree the ‘value ‘ belongings of the text field object called ‘userName ‘ that is in the signifier object called ‘loginForm ‘ , which is in bend is in the web page ‘s papers object. The terminal consequence of this statement is text threading value.Properties and methods in JavaScriptProperties Properties are by and large linked to the physical visual aspect of scripting objects. In existent life, objects besides have belongingss. Some belongingss of object are read-only, that is the belongings ‘s value can be retrieved but can non be changed. Other object belongingss can be retrieved and changed. These characteristics are referred to as proving or puting a belongings ‘s value. Example 1: sentence structure: JavaScript – proving a image ‘s width belongingsdocument.greenHondaCRX.width In this illustration, the scripting statement entree the value of the ‘width ‘ belongings of the image object called ‘greenHondaCR ‘ , that is in web page ‘s papers object. Example2: sentence structure: JavaScript – puting a image ‘s width belongingsdocument.greenHondaCRX.width = â€Å" 257 † In this illustration, the scripting statement is puting the value of the ‘width ‘ belongings of the image object called ‘greenHondaCR ‘ to ‘257 ‘ . The ‘greenHondaCR ‘ image object is in web page ‘s papers object. Methods Methods are linked to the intent and actions of an object. Real life objects can besides hold methods/actions. Methods require excess information for the object to transport out the action right. In scripting linguistic communications this excess information is referred to as a methods parametric quantities or statements. Example 3: sentence structure: JavaScript – utilizing the history objecthistory.go ( -1 ) In this illustration, the scripting statement is utilizing the ‘go ‘ method of the history object. Methods are typically recognized by the usage of brackets â€Å" ( ) † after the methods name. The brackets are used to envelop any parametric quantities that you send to the method. In the above illustration, we are directing negative one ( -1 ) , which instructs the ‘go ‘ method of the ‘history ‘ object to lade the old web page.7.1.5 OOP and ActionScriptIn ActionScript, select the object case on phase and enter an case name in the Properties panel. This is same as appellative variables. ActionScript uses aim waies to maintain path of object cases. These waies are laid out like a route map and object should hold a name to look on this route map. This route map is a hierarchy, with the chief timeline at its base. ActionScript shows the object hierarchy in a file by snaping the ‘insert mark way ‘ button situated in the ActionScript Panel. Let us take an illustration â€Å" Target way ‘road map ‘ : Text field and button for login, † where we have two objects a film cartridge holder with a text field in it and a button. They are in the root timeline. Select each point and verify its name in the Properties Panel.The movieClip has the name ‘loginClip ‘ .The text filed in the movieClip is named ‘userName ‘ .The button is name ‘ btnLogin ‘ .Choose the button in the root timeline and open the ActionScript Panel in ‘Expert Mode ‘ Click the ‘Insert a mark way † button.The ‘Insert Target Path ‘ duologue box opens and shows a ocular representation of the ‘road map ‘ of objects presently accessible from the timeline that we are in.In the ‘Insert Target Path ‘ duologue box, choice ‘Dots ‘ and ‘Absolute ‘ options.Click the little plus gestural ‘+ ‘ following to the movieClip icon nam e ‘loginClip ‘ to demo the text field object in it.The existent mark way of the selected movieClip object ‘loginClip ‘ appears.Click the text filed icon ‘userName ‘ , the mark way alters.In ActionScript, absolute mark waies ever start from the _root timeline of the file. Relative mark waies start with the current object selected on phase.Click on the option ‘Relative ‘ .Click on the little plus gestural ‘+ ‘ following to the movieClip icon name ‘loginClip ‘ and select the ‘userName ‘ text field.The mark way alters. Alternatively get downing with ‘_root ‘ it now starts with ‘this ‘ , bespeaking the objects that are presently selected on phase.We have a mark way from the point we have originally selected on phase, the ‘btnLogin ‘ button, to the text field ‘userName ‘ that resides in the movieClip ‘loginClip ‘ .7.1.6 OOP and LingoIn Lingo, the most normally used objects are cast members, and cast member object cases are sprites. In Director the objects must be in the film ‘s dramatis personae to look on the phase. All cast members that are placed in the mark have a default dramatis personae member figure and a alone dramatis personae member name. Through these two dramatis personae member belongingss, Lingo communicates to specific dramatis personae members and its associated sprites. To pass on to single sprite cases in the mark, Lingo uses the fairy ‘s figure. Sprite Number Example In Director, everything that is on the phase goes into a channel in the mark. Merely one fairy can busy a channel. For illustration the fairy ‘s figure is four, the sentence structure to entree the width belongings of this fairy would be:fairy ( 4 ) .widthorthe breadth of sprite 4 Lingo has two types of sentence structure: The first codification sample uses ‘dot ‘ sentence structure, which is in broad usage now. The 2nd illustration is what Lingo calls ‘verbose ‘ sentence structure. Almost any Lingo statement can be written with either dot sentence structure or verbose. In the first ‘dot ‘ syntax illustration, the scripting statement is aiming the fairy object that is in channel four of the mark and accessing its ‘width ‘ belongings. To Lingo, this whole complete line of codification represents one whole number value stand foring the fairy ‘s current breadth in pels. Cast member Name Example In Director, everything that is created or imported into the dramatis personae is allocated a dramatis personae member figure and a alone dramatis personae member name. Choose a dramatis personae member and enter its name in the ‘Cast Member Name ‘ text field. For illustration, a dramatis personae member 2, which its name â€Å" green square † :member ( â€Å" green square † )member ( 2 ) It is standard industry pattern to utilize cast member ‘s name instead that its figure. In some particular fortunes the usage of cast member Numberss would be effectual. For the sprite illustration in Lingo codification, the sentence structure for aiming cast member objects can be written in both ‘dot ‘ and ‘verbose ‘ sentence structure. In the first ‘dot ‘ sentence structure, the scripting statement is aiming the dramatis personae member named â€Å" green square † and accessing its ‘width ‘ belongings. To Lingo, this whole complete line of codification represents one whole number value stand foring the dramatis personae member current breadth in pels.Self cheque 7.11. If more than one dramatis personae member has the same name, what will Lingo make if that name is used in book?7.2 Java 3DJava 3D is a set of criterions that have been broaden under Java 2 for making 3D artworks. Java 3D is a scene graph-based 3D application programming interface ( API ) for the Java platform. It runs on top of either OpenGL or Direct3D.Advantages of Java 3D:Platform Mugwump:It is platform independent as it is an API extension of Java. Object-oriented 3D Artworks:It is carried out by utilizing a scene graph-based 3D artworks theoretical account. Optimized Speed:During runtime, the scene graph of the fastest possible renders is optimized by utilizing the rendition capableness spots. This facilitates the Java 3D to be used in synergistic artworks environments every bit good as high quality artworks. Rise of 3D stevedores:Free handiness of Java 3D VRML97 file stevedore and browser, with their codifications. Support Exotic Devicess:The com.sun.j3d.utils.trackers package provides Fake infinite, Logitech, and Polhemus devices.Disadvantages of Java 3D:Standard Extension API:Java 3D is a standard extension API to the Java2 platform, which is regarded as a hazard factor as it may restrict the portability of Java 3D codification across platforms. Availability Limitation:Sun is the lone key seller that is back uping Java 3D through Solaris and Win32. The cross-platform portability is a serious issue for Java 3D. Concealment of Rendering Pipeline inside informations:Java 3D a high degree API, deliberately hides inside informations of the rendering grapevine from the developer therefore doing it incompatible for applications where such inside informations are required. Heavyweight constituents:Java 3D, being heavyweight, carries out the rendering through native non-Java equal. In general the lightweight and heavyweight constituents of Java do non blend good when placed together in one object or window.7.2.1 Key differences between Java 3D and VRMLProgram attack: In making 3D universes, VRML adopts a content-centric attack and Java 3D adopts a program-centric attack. Flexibility:Java 3D is more lissome in footings of programming manner and the maps available. The better figure of available maps makes Java 3D a better tool in making specific and modified behaviour and applications. Java 3D provides extended support for behaviours, interpolators, niping and hit sensing. Application complexness:VRML is more suited for simple artworks applications where as Java 3D is more suited for making the content or 3D universe applications. File format:VRML has a standardized file format. Java 3D, has capableness to back up compiled codification of low degree API for faster 3D artworks rendering. Compatibility:Java 3D supports VRML objects through the VRML97 stevedore but VRML can non run Java 3D plans. Dynamic fluctuation of scene graph:The scene graph that describes the practical 3D universe created in Java 3D can be changed dynamically but in VRML it is non executable. Vendor support:Most of the sellers support VRML than Java 3D. Some portion of Java 3D is basically evolves from OpenGL. OpenGL is non good suited for developing complicated 3D artworks applications due to programming, debugging, and care attempts.FeaturesMultithreaded scene graph constructionGeneric Real-time API, useable for both visual image and gamblingSupport for retained, compiled-retained, and immediate manners renderingIncludes hardware-accelerated JOGL, OpenGL and Direct3D renderers ( depending on platform )Platform independentNative support for head-mounted showCAVE ( multiple screen projectors )3D spacial soundcomplicated virtual-reality-based position theoretical account with clasp for stereoscopic rendition and complex multi-display constellationsProgrammable shaders, back uping both GLSL and CGImporters for most mainstream formats, like 3DS, OBJ, VRML, X3D, NWN, and FLTStencil bufferSelf cheque 7.21. List out the advantages and disadvantages of java3D7.3 Multimedia FormatsMultimedia elements like sound or pictures are stored in med ia files. Detect the file extension to place the media type. If the file is an HTML page, the browser spots the file extensions as.htm or.html. If it is an XML file, the browser spots it as.xml extension and the manner sheet is spotted as.css. Image formats are identified by extensions like.gif and.jpg.Windows Multimedia Formats:Windows media files have the extensions like.asf, .asx, .wma, and.wmv. Advanced Streaming Format ( ASF ) ASF is peculiarly designed to run over the Internet. ASF files include audio, picture, slide shows, and synchronised events. These files should be good compressed and are delivered as a changeless flow of informations. The file size is non restricted but should be good compressed to fit assorted bandwidths. Advanced Stream Redirector Format ( ASX ) ASX files are metafiles that provide information about files used to depict multimedia content. These are field text files Windows Media Audio Format ( WMA ) WMA format is developed by Microsoft to manage all types of audio content. Similar to ASF arrange these files excessively should be good compressed and are delivered as a changeless flow of informations. The file size is non restricted but should be good compressed to fit assorted bandwidths. Windows Media Video Format ( WMV ) WMV format is developed by Microsoft to manage all types of picture content. Similar to ASF arrange these files excessively should be good compressed and are delivered as a changeless flow of informations. The file size is non restricted but should be good compressed to fit assorted bandwidths. Windows Media Audio Redirector Format ( WAX ) WAX files are similar to ASX files, but designed to depict audio files. Windows Media Player Format ( WMP ) WMP files and WMX are reserved file types for future usage by Windows. Multimedia elements like sound or picture besides have their ain file formats with different extensions.General-purpose FormatsMatroska File Format:which aims to be an all-enclusive, unfastened multimedia container format. Acorn Replay File Format:Acorn Replay ( RPL ) file format used on RISC OS machines. The format is frequently seen on Eidos games, but is designed as a all-purpose format.Self cheque 7.31. List out assorted multimedia formats and their utilizations.7.4 SummaryThis is the 7th faculty for the multimedia web development class. This faculty explains about the different types of programming linguistic communications such as General-purpose scheduling linguistic communication, Scripting programming linguistic communication and Object-oriented scheduling linguistic communication.In this chapter you have learnt about control constructions that direct the flow of information in scheduling linguistic communication. Additionally you have learnt the different types of control construction such as sequence, choice and RepeatIn add-on, this faculty pointed out the OOP paradigm and JavaScript. Further you have learnt about Properties and methods in JavaScript.It besides explained the Java 3D, a scen e graph-based 3D application programming Interface.Finally you have learnt about the advantages and disadvantages of Java 3D and the cardinal differences between Java 3D and VRMLCardinal TERMSDOM – Document Object Model ASF – Advanced Streaming Format ASX – Advanced Stream Redirector Format WMA – Windows Media Audio Format WMV – Windows Media Video Format WMP – Windows Media Player Format WAX – Windows Media Audio Redirector Format MentionDavid Miller ( 1996 ) : Web multimedia development – pages 649 ; ISBN1562056832, 9781562056834 Timothy Paul Garrand ( 2001 ) : Writing for multimedia and the web – Pages 341 ; ISBN0240803817, 9780240803814 Stephen McGloughlin ( 2009 ) : Multimedia on the Web – Pages 193 ; ISBN1575766485, 9781575766485 Timothy Paul Garrand ( 2006 ) : Writing for multimedia and the Web: a practical usher to content development for synergistic media – Pages 478 ; ISBN0240808223, 9780240808222 ActivityA. True/False Questions 1. Machine codification is composed merely of the two binary figures 0 and 1. ( TRUE/FALSE ) 2. Multimedia would be lifeless without scripting. ( TRUE/FALSE ) 3. Programing linguistic communications do non hold control constructions to direct the flow of information. ( TRUE/FALSE ) 4. OOPs is based on grouping scripting information into categories. ( TRUE/FALSE ) 5. In OOP ‘s each object does non hold belongingss and methods. ( TRUE/FALSE ) 6. An event will non happen when the mouse is moved or the mouse button is clicked. ( TRUE/FALSE ) 7. ActionScript uses aim waies to maintain path of object cases. ( TRUE/FALSE ) 8. Java 3D is a scene graph-based 3D application programming interface ( TRUE/FALSE ) 9. Java 3D is platform dependant. ( TRUE/FALSE ) 10. WMV format is developed by Microsoft to manage all types of picture content. ( TRUE/FALSE ) B. Multiple Choice1. The different types of scheduling linguistic communications are __________ A ) General-purpose scheduling linguistic communication B ) Scripting programming linguistic communication C ) Object-oriented scheduling linguistic communication D ) All the above 2. In _____________ the stairss from start to complete are absolutely carried out one after another, without any break. A ) Sequential control construction B ) Selection control construction C ) Repetition control construction D ) None of the above 3. The OOP stands for A ) Object Operating Programing B ) Original Orientated Programming C ) Object Orientated Programming D ) Object Orientated Patch 4. Which of The followers is a basic control constructions? A ) sequence B ) choice C ) A & A ; B D ) None of the above 5. In OOPs the cases are referred to as ________ A ) Properties B ) Objects C ) Methods D ) None of the above 6. Objects in JavaScript are called the ____________- A ) Document Oriented Model B ) Document Object Model C ) A & A ; B D ) None of the above 7. ____________ shows the object hierarchy in a file by snaping the ‘insert mark way ‘ button A ) ActionScript B ) OOP C ) Lingo D ) All the above 8. In making 3D universes, VRML adopts a _________________ and Java 3D adopts a __________________ A ) content-centric attack, program-centric attack. B ) program-centric attack, content-centric attack C ) program-centric attack, program-centric attack D ) None of the above 9. Extensions used by Windows media files are A ) .asf B ) .asx C ) .wma, D ) All the above 10. __________files are metafiles that provide information about files used to depict multimedia content. A ) WMA B ) WMV C ) ASX D ) All the above Chapter 7: Answers ( True/False Questions ) 1. T 2. Thymine 3. F 4. Thymine 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. Thymine 9. F 10. Thymine Answer ( Multiple Choice Questions ) 1. D 2. Angstrom 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. Bacillus 7. A 8. Angstrom 9. D 10. C

Aids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aids - Essay Example It can also be transmitted through infected blood transfusions. Drug addicts who use syringes are also at a high risk of developing the disease. It can be transmitted to the fetus from the mother during pregnancy as well as during birth and nursing. The disease affects the major systems of the human body owing to the suppression of immunity by the virus. It can result in severe conditions which include pneumonia as well as cancers like Kaposi’s sarcoma. The treatment for the condition is mainly antiretroviral therapy. Prevention is aimed at awareness. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is a pathological condition which is referred to as a syndrome owing to the fact that this disease affects many systems of the human body and is characterized by many secondary infectious diseases as well as cancers arising from different cells. It may also affect the nervous system of the patient and hence the patient presents with signs and symptoms of nervou s disease. This syndrome is led to by the human immunodeficiency virus. This virus and the resulting disease were identified in the year 1981. The virus possesses the ability to decrease the efficacy of the immune system of the human body and hence it puts a person at risk of the development of many diseases that would not occur in a normal healthy person. The pathology has led to increased attention from international health organizations due to the severity of the disease accompanied by the fact that the number of infected people keeps on increasing every year (Davidson et al 2006, Levinson 2008, Robbins et al 2005). Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome has been ranked as the second most common pathological condition across the world which explains the fact that this disease follows a global pattern. It has been labeled as an epidemic due to the increased presentation of the number of cases. In Africa it has been identified as the first most common reason of death and has been repor ted to lead to more than 20 percent of deaths in the region. Ever since the disease has been identified, it has been linked to greater than 20 million deaths around the world. The World Health Organization presented with the findings that 39.4 million people had AIDS or were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in the year 2004 (Davidson et al 2006, Levinson 2008). 70 percent of the people who suffer from this disease belong to Africa. In the year 2002, it was identified that 900,000 residents of the United States were suffering from the disease. Amongst the residents of the U.S., it is considered to be the second reason of death amongst the males of the age group 25 to 44. On the other hand, amongst the females of this age group, it is ranked as the third life taking reason. The pathology is also found to affect young children below the age of 13 years. It has been analyzed that 2 percent out of the total cases of the disease affects these children. In 2002, 800,000 more children were affected with this syndrome (Robbins et al 2005, Levinson 2008). There are many underlying causes that can result in AIDS. The human immunodeficiency virus which is the causative organism for this disease prevails in the fluids of the human body which include the blood, semen, saliva as well as milk from the mammary glands. Thus contact with infected body fluids increases the susceptibility of contracting the disease (Davidson et al 2

A Strategic Communication Campaign on Coca Cola Company 2012 Essay - 20

A Strategic Communication Campaign on Coca Cola Company 2012 - Essay Example The Coca cola Company is the world’s largest multinational beverage producer, distributor and retailer in non alcoholic drinks. It is the legal owner of syrup concentrate that is used for the production of over 500 drinks notwithstanding  Ã‚   the ownership of anchor bottler; the Coca – cola Refreshments. Being the world’s most valued brand, the Company’s mission is to ensure that the world is refreshed, inspired towards moments of optimism and happiness, and   making intention on   creating   more value and making a difference. As such, the Company vision entails making frameworks that guide their business towards sustainable growth. Thus, the company has ensured that their products come in varying shapes, sizes in reference to price tags (Thompson Para 2). In 2012, the Coca cola Company launched a Public Relations (PR) campaign that was aimed at making soda personal in New York City. The aggressive campaign emphasized on the fact that the accessibility and consumption of large soda was meant to be an issue pertaining to personal freedom. Additionally, the campaign argued that the legislation that had at the time banned the use of large sodas for individuals was only aimed at infringing the right to purchase the much in terms of quantity an individual would afford to buy, as well as, consume (Downs, 4) Essentially, the campaign was organized in response to claims that had been put forward by Mayor Bloomberg. In his argument, Bloomberg noted that the Coca cola Company was producing large quantities’ of sodas that posed numerous health risks to consumers and compelled them to use more money on sodas rather than spending the money on other important issues (Thompson Para 2). In this regard, the Coca cola Company reacted to the issue through the creation of a new group known as ‘New Yorkers For Beverage Choices’. The main function was to ensure that they would plead with most people who used the internet against giving consent to Mayor Bloomberg who was determined to ban drinks that exceeded 16 ounces (Thompson Para 3). As a matter of fact, the target audiences in this strategic campaign are potential consumers and potential competitors.

Leadership Traits - Donald Trump Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership Traits - Donald Trump - Assignment Example In 1981, he bought the Trump Plaza in New York City and in 1982, bought a weekend estate in Greenwich, Connecticut. In 1983, the construction of Trump Tower was completed and USFL New Jersey Generals was acquired. In 1984, Trump opened Harrah’s at Trump Plaza Casino in Atlantic City. Trump bought Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida in 1985. In 1987 came the New York Times best seller â€Å"Trump: The Art of the Deal.† The later years continued with more and more acquisition, and the group’s entry into the TV (Wooten, 2008, pp.106-110). Leadership Traits American scholar Warren Bennis has identified four basic ingredients in every great leader. The first basic quality is guiding vision or management of attention. The leader must have a clear idea of what he or she wants to achieve. He must show courage to face the tough reality. The second quality is communicating the vision. The leader is there to communicate his passions to his people and it will bring hope and inspiration. Passion generally appears as enthusiasm. Again, people should not buy into every exciting idea; there should be a great deal of quality. The next thing is integrity which is the combination of self-knowledge, candor, and maturity. Leader must know his strengths and weaknesses, and must have clear idea about what he wants to do and the reason behind that. These three ingredients combine with a fourth ingredient – management of self. There should be mix of â€Å"curiosity and daring† with integrity. Leaders should be open to new ideas, willing to take risks, and try new things (Bennis, 2009, pp. 204-05, Bennis, 2010, p. 20). Now one may look at Trump’s leadership style in the light of Bennis’ four ingredients. Vision In Trump on Entrepreneurship, Trump says, â€Å"Entrepreneurship...History is full of famous leaders with extraordinary lives. From George Washington to John F. Kennedy, from Bill Gates to Donald Trump, the list is much diver sified. Here, this paper will focus on the life and leadership traits of Donald Trump, the â€Å"Real Estate Tycoon† in the light of Bennis’ competency criteria. Early History Donald Trump was born in Queens, New York on 14th June, 1946. He was the part of a demographic change which would later be known as â€Å"Baby Boom†. His father, Fred Trump, was a contractor in the housing market and operated in the Brooklyn and Queens boroughs. Fred was a highly successful businessman and was one of the richest persons in Queens (Payment, 2007, pp.1-5). Young Trump had his own way of doing things. He had a forceful personality from his childhood. In his 2nd grade, he punched the music teacher on his face. Trump was of the view that the teacher didn’t understand what he was saying. For this misbehavior, he was almost expelled from the school. In his book ‘Trump: The Art of the Deal’, he admits this fact by saying that it was not a proud moment. At 13, Donald was sent to New York Military Academy to improve upon his behavior (Payment, 2007, pp. 6-10 & 12). Donald Trump graduated in 1968 from the University of Pennsylvania (Wharton School of Finance) with a degree in economics. Trump got the passion for construction business from his father. His father knew almost all the processes of construction business. So, after completing his graduation, he continued with his life-long passion of constructing buildings (Wooten, 2008, pp. 20-23).

The Selection of Suppliers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Selection of Suppliers - Essay Example Having done the reviews, considered the more subtle differences among the criteria and then developed a table containing all key criteria for selecting the suppliers The selection of the four projects was aimed to analyze the application of various criteria and consequently check the effectiveness of results in each case. Last but not least it was found that a developing a proper strategy in connection with selecting the suppliers is equally important to building any other business strategy. I conclude by referring to one of the diversification strategies – i.e. â€Å"Vertical Integration† introduced by Igor Ansoff. The vertical integration refers to either becoming your own supplier or become a distributor. It shows that sometimes suppliers become so problematic for a firm that it has to take such a turnaround strategy for buying a supplier. Introduction: In this competitive global market, every organization desires to accomplish its projects successfully. To ensure th e timely and successful completion of a project, firms need to analyze all possible pros & cons and then opt for the best solution – right from procurement to production of finished goods. It is a myth that in manufacturing supply chain management is not only the lifeline of any project but also decides a success or failure thereof.. Selection of suppliers, being a part of supply chain management, involves many criteria that govern the selection of suppliers. These criteria include quality of raw material, lead time required by the supplier, cost of raw material, delivery time, resources/ability for delivery, supplier’s reputation, etc. etc.. This paper intends to discuss these supplier selection criteria by analyzing the practical projects. The four different projects chosen include the production of electronic products, construction of a retail outlet, manufacturing glass containers and construction of residential buildings. The criteria for selection of suppliers fo llowed by these projects include quality of raw material, delivery time, cost of material and supplier’s reputation, respectively. Having analyzed these criteria, a comparison has been presented along with critiques and finally identified the best method to be opted for selecting the suppliers. Literature Review: Every business, in one way or other, is impacted due to stiff competition, increased globalization and unabated technological advancements. In such a prevailing hyper-competition, effective supply chain management has become not only important but also become a core of corporate strategy. Coyle, Bardi, and Langey (2003) pointed out that in order to cope-up with such a crucial business trend, it has become mandatory for the logistics managers to concentrate more on suppliers’ capabilities, conceptualizing, designing, and implementing the supply process. Traditionally, only a few criteria used to be followed in a supplier’s selection – i.e. materi al cost, delivery time and quality of goods (Smith et al. 1963).

Watercooler Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Watercooler - Research Paper Example Managements must therefore learn of the diversified characteristics of different pools of human resource and strategies to interacting with them. Managements also face the challenge of transferring human resource from one cultural set up and integrating it in another set up, and incorporating learnt knowledge from one culture into another, observations that complicates human resource management in the globalized corporate environment (Dewhurst, Harris and Heywood, 2012). Hofstede who reports on diversity of the globalized environment’s human resource similarly identifies this challenge. The author notes that while domestic environments such as within the United States exhibits homogeneity in human resource characteristics, the international set up such as the wider Europe has diversifies cultures that affect human resource behaviors. Human resource theories also apply selectively across different pools of human resource as applicable theories in the United States may not apply in other countries (Hofstede, 1993). The two articles therefore identify diversity in human resource as a challenge in the global set up. The two readings however demonstrate different approaches to managing diversity in the global environments and associated uncertainties to the diversities. Dewhurst et al. identifies a probabilistic approach to embracing involved risks. They identify a culture in which managers and leaders are not selected because of their understanding of the local environment. Their selection is instead based on the assumption that a manager can operate, universally, in the global set up (2012). This is contrary to Hofstede’s opinion that effective management is attained through incorporation of locals in managing a foreign culture (Hofstede,

Week 7 discussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 7 discussion questions - Essay Example , our inquisitive car owner can safely assume that he/she can (at least for a very brief period of time) pack approximately 20 students into his/her Volkswagen. The number is slightly lower than the equation yields because of the fact that unusable space such as headroom and foot space will be unusable. 2. Most useful and interesting to me of the different activities we performed were the probability games. I found these interesting because seemingly simple probability problems had unexpected and unique twists that left the problem solver at times baffled as to how something so simple could be so complex. Specifically, wrapping my head around the Monty Hall problem was a bit of a stretch. Mathematics and probability are not at all times fascinating or captivating; however, when what seems like common sense and logic proves wrong it helped to make a memorable and lasting impression on me. Additionally working with the tessellation patterns in MS Paint also helped to break down the notion of volume and size to the content of their respective

SUV Pricing for Environmental and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SUV Pricing for Environmental and Safety - Essay Example Due to the cost as well as the safety aspect associated with SUV's the demand for these vehicles is slowing down. According to a study carried out by Cambridge Energy Research, the percentage of sales of sports utility vehicles dropped from 56 percent of all vehicles sold in 2004 to 53 percent in 2006 (Williamson, 2006). Safety Concerns: There is a misconception that SUV's are safer than car, however they are more dangerous and according to a government study, the occupant death rate for mid-sized SUV is 6% higher than the car and for large SUVs the death rate of occupants is 6% higher than mid sized cars or minivan (SUVs: Dangers on the road, n.d.). SUVs are not safe as these appear and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the government agency, has described two characteristics of SUVs and other light trucks that can increase the fatalities: rollovers propensity and crash compatibility (SUVs: Escalating risks on the highways, n.d.). Rollover is a major safety concern in SUV's. The main reason are these vehicles are heavier and ride higher than regular cars and these factors particularly the later contributes propensity to roll over in accidents and similarly the recent study shows that SUVs on roads are greatly increasing the dangers for drivers and passengers in other cars (SUVs: Escalating risks on highways, n.d.). Environ... Actually the government regulations for SUVs are ambiguous and these vehicles are categorized with light truck where the average fuel economy achieved by these is only 20.7 mpg in compare to 27.5 mpg set for cars (Environmental double standards for sports utility vehicles, n.d.). California along with nine other states has demanded to raise the fuel economy standards for these vehicles so that the environmental pollution produced by these vehicles can be minimized (Baker, May, 2, 2006). California is the first state who has argued in favor of toughest regulation on air standards and fuel economy. A car having mileage of 27.5 mpg is likely to emit 54 tons of carbon dioxide from burning of gasoline over its life time as compare to 100 tons from a SUV that has a mileage of 14 mpg over its entire life (Environmental double standards for sports utility vehicles, n.d.). Carbon dioxide contributes is one among the green house gases and it traps heat in the atmosphere (Green House Emmission, 2007). Should SUVs priced higher or lower to reflect their environmental and safety aspect A) Yes: Let us say yes, SUVs should be priced to reflect their impact on environment and safety. As we have already seen these have severe impact on environment as well the safety on road of these vehicles is not only pose a danger to the driver and passengers of SUV itself but to other driver and passengers of other vehicles especially lighter cars. The rising greenhouse gases are expected to raise the temperature from 06 to2.5 degree in the next fifty years. According to an estimate around 2000 people have been saved if their vehicles would have been hit by heavy cars instead of SUVs (Environmental double standards for

European History (Gender History) Essay Example for Free

European History (Gender History) Essay The history of feminism has developed into a major field in recent years. Scholars from many disciplines and writers in many countries explore the ways in which womens oppression has been represented, discussed, and resisted in the past few centuries. In Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, Burton characterizes her book as a history of `discourse`. Antoinette Burton has revealed the intensity, the extent, the duration, and the complexity of the concern to understand significant but neglected historical extent of the relationship between feminism and imperialism. Until quite recently, feminist discussion and debate was seen fragmentary. In her work, Burton argues that it is possible to construct a more or less continuous history of British feminism, recognizing imperial feminist ideologies. Antoinette Burton developed an immense interest in the relationship between feminism and imperialism. Burton discusses the endorsement of the racism and imperialist ideals by many white feminists, and the assumption by British feminists of their own particular version of the white mans burden. This interest in the history of feminism and the sense of its expansiveness has come from a number of different fields. The writer explored the ideas, lives, and activities of feminist writers and activists. The novels of Fanny Burney, Mary Hays, Jane Austen and George Eliot, and the poetry of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, have thus been encompassed within recent discussions of the history of feminism alongside the novels of Sarah Grand, Olive Schreiner and Virginia Woolf. The feminist underpinnings, or the implications for feminism of a range of political, social, and philanthropic ideas and activities have also been examined and explored. Burton stressed the need to recognize the relationship between changing ideas about the womens role. Burtons book has served not only to expand but also to transform the history of feminism. It made clear both its immense scope and its complexity. On the one hand, it is now clear that feminist ideas and debates have existed and been elaborated more or less constantly over the last two centuries. On the other hand, the question of feminism itself of what it means and what it encompasses has become much more complex. Once feminism meant a concern with gaining equal political and legal rights for women. In Burton’s book, feminism is now seen as at best a small part of what the term covers. In recent literature far more emphasis has been placed on feminist concerns with the sexual oppression of women. They were described as objects of male desire rather than as sexual subjects seeking to articulate and express their own desires. Interrogating the meaning of sexual difference and exploring what it means to be and to live as a woman are major writer’s interests. The book establishes a variety of new challenges for anyone seeking to explore feminist ideas and debates. This is not only because of the changing frameworks. It is also because of changes and new developments which have been brought to the study of history from literary theory and from cultural studies. The shift away from authorial intention towards meaning or readings in discussing literary texts has had a significant impact on thinking about feminism. Antoinette Burton writes about mid-Victorian feminism. She argues that as mid-Victorian feminism was specific in its class base and worked with social and sexual ideals derived from that class, so too it was very specific in its sense of both national and imperial identity. Like Mary Wollstonecraft, many mid-Victorian feminists possessed a powerful sense of themselves, not so much as British, but as English women. This period saw the advent of a new form of imperial feminism. The general sense of the superiority of the West, in terms of the status of its women-which was so central for Mary Wollstonecraft and caused a particular form of feminist orientalism gave way to a specific concern with the status of Indian women. These women were seen as being in particular need and were regarded as the special responsibility of their more enlightened and more fortunate English sisters (29). The close relationship between feminism and philanthropy in the mid-nineteenth century established the framework through which feminism expanded to include imperial projects and ideals. The rate and the importance of imperial expansion in the mid-nineteenth century made the needs of the colonies significant. This occurred almost as soon as the widespread involvement of women in philanthropy came to be accepted. As Antoinette Burton has argued, our magnificent colonies became the natural ground for the practice of British womens philanthropy, offering a whole new range of avenues which provided relief from the constraints on their reform activities at home. Philanthropic work within the colonies also became a source of collective national pride (17). Following on concern about the education of Indian women, British feminists planned a scheme with send trained British lady teachers to India to preside over a number of girls schools. Feminists’ enthusiasm was effective in raising money, and in interesting British women both at home and in India in the reform of girls schooling. After an initial emphasis on sending British women to India, scholarships were provided to train Indian women as teachers as well. The concern about education was followed by one about womens health. There also was concern about the need for the provision of women doctors to Indian women who would not countenance male doctors. Here too, money was raised both in Britain and in India to provide training, initially for British women, but also for Indian women to become doctors. As Antoinette Burton points out, there was throughout all of this some recognition of the abilities and the achievements of specific Indian women. But overall, the schemes directed towards India were seen as ones necessarily begun and mainly carried out by British women on behalf of their less educated and passively suffering Indian sisters. The whole question of British women in India in the nineteenth century has become the subject of increasing discourse. On the one hand, it is clear that the significant numbers of British women who became immensely concerned about the condition of Indian women should to be revised. These women worked, sometimes quite effectively, to keep alive in the public mind their needs and interests. On the other hand, some of these women came to know and appreciate Indian women, and to make themselves mouthpieces for the goals that Indian women set. Other women both in India and in Britain assumed that their own high level of education and development made them the ones best suited to know what Indian women needed. In general, Antoinette Burton argued that the aims and objectives sought by feminists in Britain set the framework for womens emancipation everywhere. British feminists regarded themselves as experts on India after a visit. Their campaigns simply involved the application of British programs to the Indian situation. The British feminists who learned about these missionary struggles could only be strengthened in their own sense of moral and racial superiority. That consciousness, as Antoinette Burton has demonstrated in the context of India, contributed significantly to the domestic culture of imperialism. Unfortunately, feminists who responded by embracing imperialism tended to propagate generalized images of backward and oppressed Oriental womanhood. Burton has emphasized the dangers for British feminism in the assumption that a supposedly superior elite among women could speak for the less privileged and fortunate (210). In particular, the desire to emancipate women could easily become a desire to control them. Ultimately, for Burton, each new venture served more fully as a means for British feminists to show their own fitness for political rights and responsibilities through their preparedness and capacity to take on their own particular imperial burden.

Analysis And Usage Of Cams And Their Followers Engineering Essay

Analysis And Usage Of Cams And Their Followers Engineering Essay A cam follower, also known as a track follower,[1] is a specialized type of roller or needle bearing designed to follow cams. Cam followers come in a vast array of different configurations, however the most defining characteristic is how the cam follower mounts to its mating part; stud style cam followers use a stud while the yoke style has a hole through the middle.[2] The first cam follower was invented and patented in 1937 by Thomas L. Robinson of the McGill Manufacturing Company.[3] It replaced using just a standard bearing and bolt. The new cam followers were easier to use because the stud was already included and they could also handle higher loads.[ / CAM AND MECHANISMS A cam mechanism consists of three elements: the cam, the follower (or follower system), and the frame. The follower is in direct contact with the cam. The cam may be of various shapes. The follower system includes all of the elements to which motion is imparted by the cam. This may be connected directly to the follower, or connected through linkages and gearing. The frame of the machine supports the bearing surfaces for the cam and for the follower. A CAM changes the input motion, which is usually rotary motion (a rotating motion), to a reciprocating motion of the follower. They are found in many machines and toys WHAT IS THE CONCEPT BEHIND CAM? A CAM is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to another element known as follower. The cam and follower has a point or line contact constitute a higher pair or you can say that it is the mechanicl component of a machine that is used to transmit the motion to the another component of the machine called the follower, through a prescribed program by direct contact.The contact between them is maintained by an external force which is generally provided by the spring or sometimes by the weight of the follower itself ,when it is sufficient. Cam is the driver member and the follower is the driven member. The follower is in direct contact with the cam. CAM MECHANISM CONSIST OF THREE MECHANISMS CAM:It may be of many shapes FOLLOWER: It includes all the elements to which motion is imparted by the cam.This may be connected directly by the cam.This may be connected directly to the follower, or connected through linkages and gearing. FRAME: The frame of the machine supports the bearing surfaces for the cam and for the follower. APPLICATIONS OF CAM AND FOLLOWERS Cam and follower are widely used for operating inlet and exhaust valve of I C engine. These are used in wall clock. These are used in feed mechanism of automatic lathe Machine. These are used in paper cutting machine. Used in weaving textile machineries. The cam mechanism is a versatile one. It can be designed to produce almost unlimited types of motioning the follower. It is used to transform a rotary motion into a translating or oscillating motion. On certain occasions, it is also used to transform one translating or oscillating motion into a different translating or oscillating motion. Cams are used in a wide variety of automatic machines and instruments. The certain usuages of cam and followers that includes textile machineries, computers, printing presses, food processing machines, internal combustion engines, and countless other automatic machines, control systems and devices. The cam mechanism is indeed a very important component in modern mechanization. CLASSIFICATION OF CAMS Based on the physical shape Disk or plate cams Working of the disc cam with reciprocating follower. Working of the disc cam with oscillating follower. Cylindrical cam Translating cam CLASSIFICATION OF FOLLOWES (i) Based on surface in contact (a) Knife edge follower (b) Roller follower (c) Flat faced follower (d) Spherical follower (ii) Based on type of motion Oscillating followe Translating follower (iii) Based on line of action Radial (in line) follower (b) Off-set follower Cams can be conveniently classified into two main groups Group a: Cams that impart motion to the follower in a plane in line with the axis of rotation of the cam (as does a cylindrical cam). Group b: Cams that impart motion to the follower in a plane at 90 degrees to the axis of rotation, as with face or edge cams.Most cams fall into this category. TYPES OF CAMS Eccentric cam: A circular cam is often called an eccentric cam because the axis of rotation of the cam is offset from the geometric center of the circular disc. Concentric disc: A concentric disc attached to a rotating shaft would have its axis of rotation coinciding with its geometric center. PROFILE SHAPES OF SOME CAMS: PEAR-SHAPED CAMS: These type cams are often used for controlling valves. For example, they are used on motor car camshafts to operate the engine valves. A follower controlled by a pear-shaped cam remains motionless for about half a revolution of the cam. During the time that the follower is stationary, the cam is in a dwell period. During the other half revolution of the cam, the follower rises and then falls. As the pearshaped cam is symmetrical, the rise motion is the same as the fall motion. Edge cams It must be appreciated that this type of cam, where the follower is in contact with the edge of the cam disc, is only capable of imparting positive motion to its follower in one direction, that is, during the rise portion of the cam movement. During the fall portion of the cam movement the follower must be maintained in contact with the cam either by the mass of the follower and its mechanism or, more usually, by a spring. Both methods have their advantages. Box cams A groove can be milled in the face of cam discs. As the cam rotates, a follower located in the groove has its motion guided by the groove. This type of cam is called a box cam. Cylindrical cams: Cylindrical cams are used when motion has to be transmitted parallel to the axis of rotation of the cam. The cylindrical or barrel cam consists of a rotating cylinder with a helical (screw shaped) groove in its curvedsurface. A follower with a tapered roller end is located in the groove. As the cylinder turns, the follower moves in a straight line parallel to the axis of the rotation barrel cam. This type of cam is often used to guide thread on sewing machines, looms and fabric making machines. CIRCULAR CAMS: These cams are sometimes called eccentric cams. The cam profile is a circle. The center of rotation of the cam is often from the geometric center of the circle. The circular cam produces a smooth form of motion called a simple harmonic motion. These cams are often used to produce motion in pumps. Circular cams are often used to operate steam engine valves. As the cam is symmetrical, the rise and fall motions are the same. HEART SHAPED CAMS: This cam causes the follower to move with a uniform velocity. Heart-shaped cams are essential when the follower motion needs to be uniform or steady as, for example, in the mechanism that winds thread evenly on the bobbin of a sewing machine. A heart-shaped cam can be used for winding wire evenly on the former of a solenoid. UNIFORM ACCELERATION AND RETARDATION CAMS: A cam shaped as shown controls the motion of the follower so that it moves with uniform acceleration and retardation. The follower gains and looses velocity at a constant rate. Uniform acceleration and retardation cams are used to controls the motion of linkages in complex machinery. Types of Cam Followers There are three types of cam followers, and since the type of follower influences the profile of the cam it is worthwhile considering the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The three types are the knife-edge, the roller follower and the flatfoot or mushroom follower. The Knife Edge Follower: This is the simplest type, is not often used due to the rapid rate of wear. When it is adopted, it is usually for reciprocating motion, running in slides and there is considerable side thrust, this being a component of the thrust from the cam. The Roller Follower: This eliminates the problem of rapid wear since the sliding effect is largely replaced by a roller action. Some sliding will still take place due to the varying peripheral speed of the cam profile, due to the changing radius of the point of contact. Note also that the radial position of the contact between the cam and the roller, relative to the follower center, will change according to whether a rise or fall motion is taken place: this fact has to be considered when constructing the cam profile. Again,with the roller follower, considerable side thrusts are present, a disadvantage when dealing with reciprocating motions. This side thrust will be increased when using small rollers. The Flat Foot or Mushroom Follower: This has the advantage that the only side thrust present is that due to the friction between the follower and the cam. The problem of wear is not so great as with the knife-edge follower, since the point of contact between the cam and follower will move across the face of the follower according to the change of shape of the cam. A trick to lessen further the effect of wear is to design the follower to be capable of axial rotation and arrange the axis of the follower to lie to one side of the cam. Thus the contact with the cam will tend to cause rotation of the follower. The cam profile, to work with a flatfoot follower, must be convex at all parts, in order to prevent the corners of the follower digging into the cam profile. The minimum cam radius should be as small as possible to minimize sliding velocity and friction. All three types of cam followers can be mounted in the following ways: 1) In-line with the cam center line, 2) Offset from the cam center line, or 3) Mounted on a swinging radial arm. CAM-VALVE CAM TERMINOLOGY Trace point: A theoretical point on the follower, corresponding to the point of a fictitious knife-edge follower. It is used to generate the pitch curve. In the case of a roller follower, the trace point is at the center of the roller. 2.Pitch curve: The path generated by the trace point at the follower is rotated about a stationary cam. 3. Working curve: The working surface of a cam in contact with the follower. For the knife-edge follower of the plate cam, the pitch curve and the working curves coincide. In a close or grooved cam there is an inner profile and an outer working curve. 4. Pitch circle: A circle from the cam center through the pitch point. The pitch circle radius is used to calculate a cam of minimum size for a given pressure angle. 5. Prime circle (reference circle): The smallest circle from the cam center through the pitch curve. 6. Base circle: The smallest circle from the cam center through the cam profile curve. 7. Stroke or throw: The greatest distance or angle through which the follower moves or rotates. 8. Follower displacement: The position of the follower from a specific zero or rest position (usually its the position when the follower contacts with the base circle of the cam) in relation to time or the rotary angle of the cam. 9. Pressure angle: The angle at any point between the normal to the pitch curve and the instantaneous direction of the follower motion. This angle is important in cam design because it represents the steepness of the cam profile. Some question arises regarding cam and followers: When is a flat faced follower preferred as compared to roller followers and why? Flat faced followers are preferred to roller followers where space is limited for eg: cams with flat followers are used to operate valves of an automobile engine but in case of stationary and oil engines, roller followers are preferred because more space is available. What data is plotted on displacement diagram of cam and follower motion? Ans:Plot of linear displacement i.e. lift or stroke (s) of follower (on Y axis direction) versus angular displacement (ÃŽÂ ¸) of the cam for one rotation (on X axis direction)

Human Resourse Management Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Human Resourse Management This essay will review the role of human resource management (HRM) in the strategy process. This will include the function of recruitment and training programs in HRM, the concept of strategic fit and how human resource management can lead to a competitive advantage. The manner in which an organisation’s personnel are managed has a tangible influence on the productivity of the employees, which ultimately acts upon the firm’s bottom line. Corporate success is dependent upon the integration of the human resource plan and the corporate strategic plan.It has become a widely held premise that people provide organisations with an important source of sustainable competitive advantage and that the effective management of human capital, not physical capital, may be the ultimate determinant of organisational performance (Youndt, Snell, Dean, Jr, & Lepak, 1996). The relationship between the strategic planning of an organisation’s people and the overall strategy is being increasingly recognised as one of immense importance. A growing recognition of human resources as being a company’s most important asset has, and will continue to, change the focus of strategic planning. It is no longer acceptable to exclusively plan for those assets that will appear on the balance sheet. A cohesive plan integrating human resource management and the overall strategic plan is necessary, such that the management of people is not a distinct function, but acts as a medium through which all other business strategies are implemented (Armstrong and Long, 1994: p. 42). In essence, the competitive, human resource, and structural strategies should all be linked in a systemic and dynamic fashion (Boxall, 1996: p. 61). Unfortunatel... ...y, T.E. (1993), Strategic Human Resource Management, Thomas Nelson Australia: Melbourne. Schuler, R.S., and Jackson, S.E. (1987), ‘Linking Competitive Strategies with Human Resource Management Practices’, The Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 207 - 219. Schuler, R.S., and MacMillan, I.C. (1984), ‘Gaining competitive advantage through human resource practices’, Human Resource Management, 23 (3), pp. 241 - 255. Skelton, B (1996), Flexible workforce is a business strength, Human Resource Week ‘96, The Age, pp. C10. Torraco, R.J., and Swanson, R.A. (1995), ‘The Strategic Roles of Human Resource Development’, Human Resource Planning, 18 (4), pp. 10 - 21. Youndt, M. A., Snell, S. A., Dean, Jr., J.W., & Lepak, D. P. (1996). Human resource management, manufacturing strategy, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39 (4), 836-866.

Nova Incorporated Essay -- essays research papers business

Nova Incorporated : Two Sourcing Opportunities An Introduction Before John Fisher decides to take some holidays he gets two memorandums from their Executives in Asia PAC and South America that are showing their interest in to improve the RONA thought strategic alliances in APAC and an outsourcing contract in South America to better improve RONA and delivery in both areas. Questions 1.Evaluate the risks and rewards of internationalization/globalization through cooperative strategies via the opportunities to (1) enter into joint ventures in China and India in exchange for licenses to NOVA's process and product technology and (2) outsource manufacturing in Brazil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joint Ventures in China & India   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Risks -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Government Laws and policies -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of Quality Control Rewards -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low labor price -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reduce cost of distribution -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase sales by a factor of 10 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase RONA up to 55% -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Export opportunities in other neighbors market -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Expand Brand and technology to these countries Outsourcing Manufacturing in Brazil Risks -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of Quality Control -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of Product Secrets -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of Innovation Rewards -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No Investment from NOVA -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No transportation or distribution cost -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No currency fluctuations -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reduce time to supply the warehouse in Brazil -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase RONA up to 40% -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase value of Costumer Service 2.Discuss market orientation in the context of sourcing...

Musimundo Case Study :: Business Strategy Analysis

1. DESCRIBE THE STRATEGIC CONTEXT IN WHICH QUINTANA SHOULD JUDGE MUSIMUNDO’S PERFORMANCE. WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT THAT MUSIMUNDO COMPETES IN? WHAT ARE PEGASUS’ STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES FOR MUSIMUNDO? HOW DO THESE FACTORS AFFECT THE BUDGETING PROCESS? Strategic Context Quintana wants to strategically reward the managers of the Musimundo stores for meeting their budgetary goals; however, some managers were completely unable to do this and other managers were guaranteed their sales quota. Quintana can rectify this situation by modifying the Musimundo incentive system. Quintana can use multiple performance measures to reward his managers. These performance measures can be sales based on a flexible budget that looks at historical sales and measures them against current sales. The manager could be rewarded for the percentage of increase. Quintana can also use a balanced scorecard approach for each store. A store’s success can be based on a number of factors aside from sales. These factors could be customer satisfaction surveys, growth within the store, and management of employees and human resources. Additionally for the next year, Quintana should implement and/or refine an Activity Based Budgeting system. Quintana can first assign overhead costs to cost pools that represent the largest activities for Musimundo. These costs would be related to the purchase, location, and stocking of Music (Music represented 41% of the Musimundo business in 2004). After these overhead costs are assigned, the costs can be allocated to the various retail stores based on their consumption of the good (e.g. the number of musical works they stock and sell). The Musimundo Environment The Musimundo environment is jaded and disproportionately profitable in various regions of Argentina. As Argentina was exiting its economic crisis, various regions were â€Å"catching up† in the realm of consumption; however, other regions were either not â€Å"catching up† or lacked the activity to generate the proper sales. Managers in the more profitable regions were achieving/surpassing their sales goals, while managers in the less active regions were unable to achieve their sales goals. These underperforming managers were penalized by a system that they neither fostered nor developed. In all likelihood, the underperforming managers were disincentivized by unrealistic budgetary goals for their region, needing further assurances from corporate that their vision could be achieved. All retail stores suffered from a lack of product, destroying the potential sales that they could have gained. The stores in less popular/populated regions may have garnered a reputation for being unreliable and continually out of stock.

Character, Dignity, and Self-Respect Essay

This paper will summarize the movie Glory and relate one or two characters to Aristotle, Epictetus, and Saint Augustine on character, dignity, and self-respect. Alina Campbell This paper will summarize the movie Glory and relate one or two characters to Aristotle, Epictetus, and Saint Augustine on character, dignity, and self-respect. The movie Glory is based on a true story about the Commander of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry which was the first black regiment to be listed in the service of the United States. It is based on the letters by Col. Robert Shaw. Col. Shaw felt he was involved in something that he was not completely sure about, considering he had previously lost a lot of soldiers to battle. He was now faced with survivor’s guilt which he knew would heal in time. Shaw later became a mighty leader that lead the black regiment to take on the battle in Fort Wagner. Aristotle Character is mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual. Aristotle believed character to be neither a feeling or a capacity or a mere tendency to act in certain ways (Sommers & Sommers, 2010). He believed instead that character was a settled condition we are in when we are well off in relation to our feelings and our actions. The virtues of character are dispositions to act in a certain way in response to similar situations. Good conduct arises from habits that in turn can only be acquired by repeated action and correction. Col. Robert Gould Shaw fits Aristotle’s view of Character best in my opinion. He was not only the commander of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, their voice. The black men that fought with Shaw were slaves that wanted to fight for their freedom. When Shaw was told of the United States Government planning to form this regiment of black soldiers he agreed to take the Commanding position. He then asked his best friend Major Cabot Forbes to fight along with him and Forbes accepted. At one point Shaw fights for these men to get the proper uniform and boots. He also refuses pay along with them after finding out that they are paid less than the white soldiers. Both Shaw and Forbes strongly connected with this group of men: the angry Private Trip (Denzel Washington); Private Jupiter Sharts (Jhine Kennedy); Corporal Thomas Searles (Andre Braugher), a very smart and educated man that grew up with Shaw and worked for Shaw’s father, and Sgt. Maj. John Rawlins (Morgan Freeman), a runaway slave who speaks with the voice of wisdom and reason. Dignity is the state of quality of being worthy of honor or respect. Aristotle’s view on dignity consists of the consciousness that we deserve honors, not in processing them. You cannot earn dignity through external awards; instead it is something you bestow upon yourself. â€Å"Dignity consists not in possessing recognition from others, but in consciousness that we deserve recognition from others† (Sommers &Sommers, 2010). The character played by Morgan Freeman, Rawlings, knew that being a slave was not worth much, so he decided to help Shaw fight the battle at Fort Wagner. Forbes also displayed dignity in the movie. Forbes was Col. Shaw’s best friend and is who told Col. Shaw of this regiment. Due to the type of relationship the two had, Col. Shaw asked Forbes to come along with him to prepare the black slaves. Forbes agreed and stood by Col. Shaw and these black men through the name calling, getting the proper shoes, and receiving their uniforms like the white soldiers had while fighting in the Civil War. Aristotle describes the position of character, dignity and self- respect as character being a state concern with choice, lying in a mean relative to us, that this is determined by reason and in such a way that a man of wisdom would determine it. It is a mean between two vices that depends on excess that depends on defect (Sommers & Sommers, 2010) Aristotle feels neither a feeling nor a capacity nor a tendency to behave in specific ways. It is the settled condition we are in when we are well off in a relation to our feelings and actions when we are in a mean or intermediate state in regard to them. Meaning we have a vicious character that we are badly off in relation to feeling and actions, and we fail the means in regards to them. The character that I felt showed this type of role would be Denzel and Andre’s characters, known as Trip and Thomas. Trip was a runaway slave that was very angry. He didn’t have anybody and had been previously beaten several times. Trip had specific thoughts of the white man and they were that the slaves were seen as monkeys. He thought that the slaves should be dressed up in uniform and fight, since the white men would only get themselves killed and wouldn’t be able to win. Andre Braugher played Thomas. He was an educated man that had worked for Col. Shaw’s father. He believed that black men should know how to read and have pride within themselves. In the movie Glory, Thomas had learned to take a lot. Thomas assumed that since he and Col. Shaw were close friends that he would be treated a bit differently, but to his surprise, he was called out by his best friend to train a lot faster than he was and then yelled at. Thomas learned much at the end of the movie, including self-respect. Thomas had been shot in a previous battle and he asked Col. Shaw to promise that he wouldn’t send him back, which Shaw didn’t allow Thomas to continue in battle. Later in the movie, Col. Shaw asks who would be willing to standin the place of the flagman, should something happen, and Thomas stated that he would and did. Epictetus Epictetus held the Orthodox Stoic view that everything in the universe is directed by divine will. Epictetus was different from the early stoics in that he believed happiness was found in maintaining one’s moral character as opposed to striving for moral excellence. He emphasized self-knowledge and keeping one’s moral character in order as the way to achieve a happy life. Epictetus warned his students to expect persecution since their actions and attitudes would be different from those around them. He encouraged them to view life as an athletic challenge, a festival or a short military service, where success would come from a combination of correct choices and skill. Epictetus believed that â€Å"grief was the most offensive emotion; he considered the suffering of grief as an act of evil. It was a willful act, going against the will of God to have all men share happiness† (Stockdale, 1995). Col. Robert Shaw, through his personal growth and internal realizations fulfilled his leadership duties on the battlefield, as well as beyond. He chose to take the beliefs he had from his life prior to war to another level. Shaw struggled with the question of equality among the races yet he recognized the character and desires of the Black Americans and chose to act on their behalf as well as the Unions. Shaw felt that his soldiers, regardless of color, deserved respect just as much as the white soldiers. Shaw was willing to not take pay to make a point that his soldiers deserved the same pay as their fellow white soldiers. He stuck his neck out to make sure they received the proper gear in order to fight. Shaw had finally decided to not let the grief from the prior battle to control him, he chose to help in the happiness of the slaves and continue to fight for their freedom. Saint Augustine Augustine’s approach was not just brilliant, it was practical. His insight is intellectually credible and emotionally satisfying in that it gives hope and offers meaning to the Christian trying to make sense out of life in a fallen world (Sommers & Sommers, 2010). To Augustine, anything that had being was good. Good as the ground of being was perfectly good, along with everything he brought into being. This goodness was a property that came in varying degrees. The obstacles that Col. Robert Gould Shaw had to overcome is the fact that he failed in battle another time. He had to pick himself back up, and he then led the black regiment in the Civil War and was refused to let these black soldiers be treated with any less respect than the white soldiers. Another hardship that Col. Shaw and his black soldiers had to endure was the fact they were getting under paid, they were not given the proper shoes to march in, and the fact they were not given the proper uniforms like the other soldiers. Col. Shaw had shown a life of character, dignity and self- respect by being the honorable Commander that he was. Col. Shaw never let others views get in the way of his personal view of his soldiers. Col. Shaw had self- respect even though he had been defeated, prior to leading the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry soldiers with dignity and never gave up on them.  He was a man that believed in faith and that the black soldiers were no different than any others.

Essay on Multinational Companies Essay

Multinational companies are giant firms with their origin in one country, but their operations extending beyond the boundaries of that nation. For reasons of marketing, financial and technological superiority, these multinationals are generally considered as a sine qua non of the modernisation of an economy. They have been responsible for the rapid economic liberalisation in India in 1991, the question of the entry of multinational corporations (MNCs) has assumed significance. Multinationals corporations, mostly from the United States, Japan and other industrialised nations of the world, have en ­tered our life in a big way. Foreign investment proposals and commercial alliance have been signed on an unprecedented scale, thus giving rise to the controversy whether these multinational corporations are our saviours or saboteurs. This is so because of the vital difference between the economies of developed and developing nations. This requires that the entry of multinational corporations in India be examined from this angle. According to A.K. Cairn cross, â€Å"It is not possible to buy development so cheaply. The provision of foreign capital may yield a more adequate infrastructure, but rarely by itself generates rapid development unless there are already large investment opportunities going a begging That is why the intervention of multinational corporations is imperative in the context of the economic growth and modernisation of developing economies where ample investment avenues lie open and yet due to lack of capital and technical know-how, these potentials remain unexploited. Multinational corporations help in reorganising the economic infrastructure in collaboration with the domestic sector through financial and technical help. If we consider the case of our country immediately after Independence, ours was an agrarian economy with a weak industrial base and low level of savings. â€Å"Though the public sector was supposed to cure these ills, with problems like paucity of funds, lack of technical know-how and other amenities, it seemed an impossible proposition. Hence, the help of multinational corporation was sought in terms of fi ­nance and technology. As a consequence of the public sector multinational corporation nexus, from a miniature one, the Indian industrial economy assumed colossal dimensions and India is considered one of the most industrialised nations of the world today. However, there is another school of thought, which de ­nounces multinationals as an extension of imperialist power and potency source of exploitation of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) by the developed economies of the world. According to them, MNCs are an expensive bargain for a developing economy from the foreign exchange point of view. These days when developing countries are struggling with massive foreign debts and their development plans are held up due â€Å"to paucity of funds† .this may be considered a serious drawback. Second, multinationals evade paying taxes in most countries by concealing profits. Government agencies entrusted with the task of collecting the taxes and scrutinising their accounts are often bluffed by them as they do not know enough about the industries they are asked to deal with. Third, multinationals often provide inappropriate technol ­ogy to the developing nations. The technology provided by them is very often too sophisticated to adopt or too absolute by international standards. Further, transfer to technology in accordance with resource endowment of LDCs involves high cost and this may prevent MNCs from transferring appropriate technology to these countries. Fourth, some of the evils of the multinationals emanate out of their  oligopolistic character. Collision is the main determinant of its price policy, which ensures profit at the cost of high level of consumption at a lower price. Even the impact of high productivity brought about by them through the technology-cal advancement is not conducive to the working class because of pre-determined level of profit under oligopolistic criterion. Fifth, concentration of economic power is the main charge against MNCs.This economic power is often used to distort national politics and international relations by multinationals. These enterprises build up a power entity of their own. They never hesitate in exploiting the social and political weakness and economic backwardness of the LDCs to their own benefit. A multinational corporation is neither a saviour as its pro ­tagonists claim, nor a saboteur as its detractors make it out to be. It is a mix of virtues and vices, boons and banes. Charges levelled against multinationals are serious, yet it also remains a fact that, despite all these disastrous consequences of their working, multinationals have emerged as the most dominant institutions of the late twentieth century. As such, third world countries in general, and India, in particular, will have to deal with multinationals despite their ugly designs. The Government must, therefore, have an optimally bal ­anced policy towards MNCs after weighting the various pros and cons of the issue. It would not go for foreign collaboration in areas where adequate Indian skills and capital are available. Whenever the need for foreign collaboration is felt in areas of high priority, emphasis should be on purchasing outright technical know-how, technological skills and machinery. But only if this is not possible, should MNCs be allowed to operate in India? Once these safeguards are taken, multinational corpora ­tions will give an uplift to national economy by bringing in quality goods and services to the country. They will reward enterprise and talent; the inefficient would, of course, have no place in the new scheme of things. Hence, the hue and cry by interested party, who, dub MNCs as saboteurs. Multinational corporations will demand efficiency, punctuality and dedication things which are deadly lacking in national life today. They will demand a certain work culture from the employees as well as the employers besides offering the best of goods and services to their clientele. They should, therefore, be viewed as saviours of national economy rather than saboteurs because we have seen where our previous policies, have landed us right at the bottom of the list of industrialised nations. The economy has steadily picked up since the liberalisation measures were introduced. This must ‘continue if we are to emerge as a global economic power in the next century. And multinational corporations are the only answer.

Mobile Technology in Learning Essay

Researchers are in a dilemma about whether mobile learning should be introduced in higher learning institutions as a form of educating students. Criticism of M-learning includes lack of proper knowledge in using mobile devices, lack of evidence that M-learning works and skepticism about M-learning. However various new articles about M-learning address these criticism and strongly support the use of M-learning in higher learning institutions they include, Mobile learning as an evolution of E-learning, Clarification of mobile learning, Clarification of mobile learning and Mobile learning in higher education as a new educational tool. A new form of learning should be adopted by teachers for use with their students. Defining Mobile Education Educational technology has generated new tools and approaches to learning in the classroom. One new concept that is relatively new in education is mobile learning. Mobile learning can be described as any learning that occurs when facilitated through a mobile device (Harrington et al., 2009). Examples of portable devices include mobile phones, i-Touch or i-Pads, mp3 players, tablets, or portable computers. There are different characteristics of mobile devices that should be stated in order to learn more about mobile learning. Mobile devices have become universal and pervasive in our society that it has made an impact on obtaining knowledge. For instance, mobile devices have begun the trend of learning by finding information at a specific time instead of obtaining information for long-term memory (Traxler, 2007). An example would be a fifth-grade student wanting to know who the second President of the United States was. The fifth-grade student can use an i-Touch to find the answer by searching the internet. While the fifth-grade student may forget that John Adams was the second President of the United States, he can use the tool as a way to obtain the answer at any given time. Another characteristic of the mobile device is that it can alter the nature of work (Traxler, 2007). Instead of showing to an orientation for jury duty, people can now watch the orientation on any mobile device as long as it has internet. This saves the time of having to participate in an earlier orientation and makes the work easier for the person. Lastly, mobile devices can create new forms of knowledge as well as new ways of accessing it (Traxler, 2007). For example, instead of having to purchase a textbook for a college class, the student can download the eBook and use his eReader to read his book and study at any location. Clarification of mobile learning The research paper by El-Hussein, M. O. M. And Cronje, J. C. Seeks to clarify the meaning of mobile learning. The authors approach was to critically examine a selection of documents that relate to mobile learning. The authors argue that to comprehensively understand and define mobile learning their outset should be formed and its key components separated and arranged under three different concepts: A conceptualization of mobile learning, the first step of research involved exploring the wider context of mobile learning. Mobile learning in higher education, the second step involved identifying the technology, learner (who are nomadic and able to interpret learning materials) and learning material as well as mobile technology such as portable devices. The third concept involves examining the mobility and dynamism of the learning process and the flow of information. The authors’ definition of mobile learning is any type of learning that takes place in learning environments and spaces that take into account the mobility of learners, learning and technology. Research should be done to examine the implications of these devices for the design of teaching and learning. Mobile learning as an evolution of E-learning. The research paper by Grane et al claims that mobile learning can be termed as an evolution of E-learning. Research has been done on both M-learning and E-learning looking at how they have evolved and a comparison and contrast on the two has been drawn. Learning has always had a mobile character in it, and hence the authors seek to establish a difference between what is termed as mobile learning today and what was regarded as mobile learning traditionally. The aim of the research is to identify context and interaction as being essential to understand how mobile learning can be integrated to conventional education. The research involved introducing E-learning through mobile devices; this was achieved by giving an iPad to 97 students. The students were to use these mobile devices as part of a traditional E-learning environment. To learn how the devices were used three approaches were used: Pre/Post-test questionnaire, before the course and after the course an online survey was used to collect data. A discussion forum, an interactive and dynamic forum was used as part of the study. The interview, an in-depth interview was carried out to obtain precise information of the student’s experiences using the mobile devices. The results indicate that most students rely heavily on E-learning. Mobile devices were characterized as a useful tool for searching for information, their main advantage being location is of no importance. Evaluating Mobile Education Following the widespread reception of mobile technologies in learning, it is paramount to evaluate mobile education to see if it does benefit teachers as well as students when it comes to learning. However, it is difficult to create a perfect evaluation because it depends on how we define a good evaluation. Some guidelines that Traxler (2007), recommend are an efficient, ethical, and authentic. He believes the evaluation should access what learners really experience from using mobile devices. In addition, the evaluation should be economical in terms of cost and time. These guidelines can help execute more evaluations and studies on mobile devices in the future. While there are limited studies on this topic, we will discuss what is known about mobile education in elementary school and higher education. If teachers are now surrounded with mobile devices and technology, why do some teachers not utilize these materials or opportunities? While some teachers refuse to acknowledge technolog y or refuse to change their teaching styles, other teachers have begun to discuss the use of technology. The problem is that teachers usually concentrate on teaching about the technologies to students instead of having the students use the technologies to learn with (Salomon, 1991). Therefore, the student never really learns how to utilize the technology first-hand. It can be related to teaching a child how to ride a bicycle. You can lecture a child about everything there is to know about a bicycle and how to ride it. However, the child will never learn how to ride a bicycle unless the child is given the opportunity to actually test the skills by riding a real bicycle. If not, the child certainly does not know how to ride a bicycle. One good way of understanding if a student can use mobile device is by analyzing a study of how the student is taught. The project was to implement mp3 players as cognitive tools to create a digital book of pictures and sounds for children (Herrington, et al., 2009). Students were asked to write a story intended for young children and use the technology on iPods to recreate a digital version of that story. Students were placed into groups where they learned about the iPod and used learned practical usages that would help when creating a digital story. Then each group was given an iPod along with other resources like a computer to begin the process of creating the digital story. The researchers interviewed the teacher to gain insight on certain questions. The teacher believed the students responded positively to using iPods for the project. Overall, they enjoyed and had positive experiences using the iPod for creating the digital story. Even though teachers know iPods are too sophisticated for younger children, they gave several examples of how they would utilize an iPod to teach young children. Some examples included singing songs, listening to a narrative of a story, and recording children while they read. Overall, students learned a lot from this experience. Not only did they learn how to use an iPod but also utilized other software such as PowerPoint, Photoshop, and iMovie. Mobile learning in higher education as a new educational tool The authors Mcconatha D, Praul M, and Lynch M illustrate that mobile learning or M-learning as it has come to be known is a new tool in the academic store to assist students and teachers in the learning world. The authors assess the challenges, possible methods and potential of using M-learning in a college classroom. The article further discusses an empirical evaluation on the effectiveness of M-learning in a college classroom. From the research carried out those students who used M-learning tool demonstrated higher levels of knowledge on the subject covered as compared to students who did not use the tool. This results support the notion that use of mobile learning makes a positive and significant difference in the outcome performance of students. The main obstacle of M-learning is that it heavily relies on students owning the necessary hardware. Studies show evidence of different ways in which teachers utilize mobile devices for learning. At Osaka Jogakuin College, a college in Japan, first year students were given iPod for English class so students can download podcasts of English news broadcasts (McCarty, 2005). These English language news broadcasts were portable for students and were used to complete homework assignments. It seemed beneficial for Japanese students since they can learn the English language and how English is spoken on a news broadcast. The use of mobile technologies to support learning in large campus university classes The research paper by Oliver, R. seeks to show the advantages of using mobile and wireless technologies in large classes. The authors approach is; technology facilitated learning: technology is an affordable way of providing meaningful learning for learners and it provides appropriate learning support. The focus is on mobile learning and how it distinguishes itself from the conventional forms of E-learning. There being a growing number of devices that can be used for mobile learning, the authors aim is to show how these devices can provide opportunities to enhance learning. This research paper provides descriptions of applications of mobile technology that can be used to provide opportunities and reduce the limitations within large classes. Research should be done to examine how cultural changes can affect the integration of mobile technology in learning and the cultural issues that need to be addressed. Examples of Types of Learning that Involve Devices Mobile devices can be employed into E-learning through numerous ways. While different teachers have different styles and conceptions of teaching, they can also have diverse ways of utilizing mobile devices. Mobile devices can be used in education to support the transmission and delivery of strong multimedia material (Traxler, 2007). A teacher can post a video for the students to watch on their own time for homework on their mobile device. Other teachers may use mobile devices as a way of discussion via text or possibly real-time dialogue. Web 2.0 has also been used to improve learning. For example, students may text their reaction and opinion to an online article that the teacher chose for discussion. The type of learning a teacher uses can also have an impact on how the teacher uses the mobile device in the classroom. Personalized learning is defined as learning that acknowledges diversity, difference and individuality (Traxler, 2007). These different learning styles and approaches implement social, cultural, and diverse aspects into learning. A teacher may implement a language program like Roseta Stone for teaching Spanish in the classroom. By installing the program to the mobile device, each student has access to the activities and lessons related to learning Spanish. Situated learning is another type of learning that can utilize mobile devices. Another learning style, authentic learning, involves learning real-life problems and everyday scenarios that occur today (Traxler, 2007). A good example would be using authentic learning in a nursing class. Students would be participating in an activity that would simulate a role-playing scenario. With technology, some mobile devices may already have role-playing applications where nursing students can practice giving a shot or taking blood out of a patient. Something as sophisticated as this would be a great learning tool for nursing students. In conclusion, technology affects our lives in more than one way. Technological advancement is known to bring in changes that maybe positive or negative, but many are the times that technology has resulted in positive change. As illustrated in this paper the adoption of M-learning is set to bring in positive change in the delivery of education. Either from the various researches that have been carried out, those who adopt M learning have performed better or had an easy time teaching or learning. The negativity surrounding mobile learning has been brought about by the lack of appropriate knowledge concerning the benefits of mobile learning. Education on the benefits of mobile learning is highly recommended as majority of those opposed to mobile learning lack proper information and are still tied down to their traditional knowledge of mobile learning. Mobile learning in institutions of higher learning is highly recommended as it is a cheaper way of providing education for large classes and the students tend to understand more easily where M-learning is employed. References El-Hussein, M. O. M. & Cronje, J. C. (2010). Defining mobile learning in the higher education landscape. Educational technology and society, 13(3), 12-21. Grane, M., Olmedo, K., Crescenzi, L., & Suarez, R. (2010). Using mobile devices in E- learning programs. Herrington, J., Herrington, A., Mantei, A., Olney, I.W., & Ferry, B. (2009). New technologies, new pedagogies: Mobile learning in higher education. Faculty of Education, University of Wollongong. McCarty, S. (2005) Spoken Internet to Go: Popularization through Podcasting. Jalt Call Journal, 1(2): 67-74. Mcconatha, D., Praul, M., & Lynch, M. (2008). Mobile learning in higher education: an empirical assessment of a new educational tool. The Turkish online journal of educational technology, 7(3). Salomon, G. (1991). Partners in cognition: Extending human intelligence with intelligent technologies. Educational Researcher, 20(3), 2-9. Traxler, J. (2007). Current state of mobile learning. International Review on Research in Open and Distance Learning, 8(2). Oliver, R. (2007).Using mobile technologies to support learning in large campus university classes. In ICT: providing choices for learners and learning: Proceedings of ASCILITE Singapore. 788-798. Retrieved December 1, 2012 from Research Online